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Net present value.
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Fencepost security.
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Linearity.
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Fermi estimate.
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Phase transition.
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Backpressure.
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Dimensional analysis.
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Efficient markets hypothesis.
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Action versus worldstate averaging (https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/FMkQtPvzsriQAow5q/the-correct-response-to-uncertainty-is-not-half-speed).
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Bayesian evidence.